Microtronic Computer System — English Translation

Quick-Start Information

After plugging the power supply into a 220 V outlet, the computer is ready to operate. The display (LED display) shows: 00 000. The power supply is VDE-approved. It is a safety transformer that converts the 220 V mains voltage into the 10 V operating voltage required by the computer.

Built-in Programs

A number of easily accessible built-in programs are stored in the computer. They are called up by pressing the function keys (on the right-hand side of the dashboard panel): HALT – PGM – 0 (or by entering the corresponding number). To understand the built-in-program functions you should consult the matching pages of the instruction manual:

* PGM 0 = Test program (see page 4–6)
** PGM 1 = Load program from cassette into computer (see note)
** PGM 2 = Load program from computer onto cassette (see note)
* PGM 3 = Enter time of day (page 8–9)
* PGM 4 = Display time of day (page 8–9)
PGM 5 = Delete self-programmed programs (page 31)
PGM 6 = Write NOP into every program-memory address (page 63)
* PGM 7 = "Nim" game (page 7–8)

* These programs are suitable as demonstration programs.

** If PGM 1 or PGM 2 are started without an attached interface, the computer must be re-activated for operation with the RESET key (see page 4).

To select a different built-in program, first press HALT, then PGM, and finally the program number.

Interesting and Easily Programmable Demonstration Programs

The corresponding instructions from the manual must be programmed (entered). Programming always starts with the keys HALT – NEXT followed by pressing the number key 00 twice. Then the input instructions are entered with the number and letter keys. An instruction always consists of a 3-digit code, e.g. F05. After each instruction entry the NEXT key must be pressed. The next instruction is then accepted. The "address" (shown by the two left-most digits of the display) automatically increments after every instruction entry (from 00 to 01, etc.).

Electronic diePage 10–11

Automatic counter12

"The Moon Landing"23–24

Timer — computer as time switch38–39

Lotto-number generator42

Computer as alarm clock45–46

Reaction test for two persons55

Reaction test "de luxe"55–57

Arithmetic program "Multiplication"61

Arithmetic program "Division"62

Tic-Tac-Toe (board game)Manual, Pt. 2

Sea battleManual, Pt. 2

Code breakerManual, Pt. 2

"Nim 2"Manual, Pt. 2

Morse-code decoderManual, Pt. 2

Function-Key Short Description

(detailed description see page 72–73)

HALTCancel program execution

NEXTDisplays the next instruction in program memory. The instruction can be modified and, after pressing NEXT again, stored back in program memory.

BKPBreak-point (consult page 72)

REGInspection & modification key for the working registers

C/CEClear key for incorrectly entered instructions

RUNProgram-start key (in combination with HALT – NEXT and entry of the start address, e.g. B 00)

STEPSingle-step key for stepwise checking of program execution

PGMCall-up key for the built-in programs

Number and digit keys: 1–9 and A–F — entry keys for programming and value input.

Red function keys G and H: Special-purpose keys for connecting input signals.

Green RESET key: Located on the computer circuit board; re-activates the operating system after faulty programming.

Comparison Decimal ↔ Hexadecimal

Dec	Hex	Dec	Hex	Dec	Hex	Dec	Hex

Bookmark

Quick-Reference Information for Programming

The Microtronic Instruction Set (see also instruction manual page 74 to 76)

Mnemonic	Code	Description	Meaning	Page
MOV	`0 s d`	s into d	Move contents of register s into register d	22
MOVI	`1 n d`	n into d	Move constant n into register d	33
AND	`2 s d`	s AND d = d	Logical AND operation	59–60
ANDI	`3 n d`	n AND d = d	Logical AND with a constant	59–60
ADD	`4 s d`	s ⊕ d = d	Add register contents; result in d	18–21
ADDI	`5 n d`	n ⊕ d = d	Add constant n to reg. d; result in d	19–21
SUB	`6 s d`	d ⊖ s = d	Subtract register contents; result in d	35
SUBI	`7 n d`	d ⊖ n = d	Subtract constant n; result in d	35
CMP	`8 s d`	Compare s, d	Compare contents of register s with register d	74
CMPI	`9 n d`	Compare n, d	Compare constant n with register d	26
OR	`A s d`	s OR d = d	Logical OR operation	59–60
CALL	`B a a`	Jump to subroutine a a	Jump to subroutine beginning at address a a	63–64
GOTO	`C a a`	Jump a a	Jump to any address a a	14–15
BRC	`D a a`	Carry-jump a a	Jump to a a if carry-flag set	26
BRZ	`E a a`	Zero-jump a a	Jump to a a if zero-flag set	33
MAS	`F 7 d`	A-Reg. → S-Reg.	Copy working register d into memory register d	61
INV	`F 8 d`	Invert d	Invert the contents of register d	50
SHR	`F 9 d`	Shift d right	Shift register d binarily right	49
SHL	`F A d`	Shift d left	Shift register d binarily left	48
ADC	`F B d`	d ⊕ C = d	Set carry-flag adds "1" to register d	19–21
SUBC	`F C d`	d ⊖ C = d	Set carry-flag subtracts "1" from register d	35
DIN	`F D d`	Data in	Store input data into register d	37
DOT	`F E s`	Data out	Output data from register s	36
KIN	`F F d`	Key value	Wait for key entry; store value in register d	14–15
DISP	`F n s`	Display on	Show n digits starting at register s	14–15
HALT	`F 0 0`	Program stop	Resume halted program with STEP key	63
NOP	`F 0 1`	No operation	An instruction code may be inserted later	63
DISOUT	`F 0 2`	Display off	Switch display off (for faster execution)	14–15
HXDZ	`F 0 3`	Hex → Dec	Convert hex to decimal in register D-E-F	43
DZHX	`F 0 4`	Dec → Hex	Convert decimal to hex in register D-E-F	43
RND	`F 0 5`	Random generator	Random numbers in registers D-E-F	41
TIME	`F 0 6`	Clock time	Copy time of day into registers A-B-C-D-E-F	44–45
RET	`F 0 7`	Return	Return from a subroutine	63–64
CLEAR	`F 0 8`	Clear registers	Set all register values to "0"	21
STC	`F 0 9`	Set carry	Set carry-flag (value 1)	52
RSC	`F 0 A`	Reset carry	Reset a set carry-flag (0)	52
MULT	`F 0 B`	Multiplication	Multiplication performed in registers 0–5	61–62
DIV	`F 0 C`	Division	Division performed in registers 0–3 (reg. 4 & 5 = "0")	62–63
EXRL	`F 0 D`	Exchange A/S 0–7	Swap working regs 0–7 with memory regs 0–7	61
EXRM	`F 0 E`	Exchange A/S 8–F	Swap working regs 8–F with memory regs 8–F	61
EXRA	`F 0 F`	Exchange 0–7 / 8–F	Swap working regs 0–7 with working regs 8–F	33

For d the register number is entered. Register d holds the result after instruction execution.	15
For s the register number is entered. Register s is not modified by instruction execution.	16
For n a constant (the same in all operations) value is entered.	74
For a a the jump address (address number to jump to) is entered.	15/74

The Number Systems

Decimal	Hex	Binary	Inverted bin / hex
0	0	0000	1111 F
1	1	0001	1110 E
2	2	0010	1101 D
3	3	0011	1100 C
4	4	0100	1011 B
5	5	0101	1010 A
6	6	0110	1001 9
7	7	0111	1000 8
8	8	1000	0111 7
9	9	1001	0110 6
10	A	1010	0101 5
11	B	1011	0100 4
12	C	1100	0011 3
13	D	1101	0010 2
14	E	1110	0001 1
15	F	1111	0000 0

The binary system is represented by the LEDs at the 4 outputs: 4 3 2 1. The 4 outputs have the values 8 4 2 1.

Symbols for Flowcharts

	General operation
	Branching
	Subroutine
	Input / Output
	Start or end of a program
	Connector to other program parts
> means: greater < means: smaller = means: equal value

Notes for Microtronic Programmers

on Using the Program Tables

The enclosed program lists are for the development of self-designed programs.

Register allocation: It is important to keep track of the registers required by a program and their contents.

Jump target: Entry for short labels indicating at which addresses special program parts begin that are jumped to from another program part.

Address-Nr.: It is practical to start a program at address 00. When programming, the computer automatically assigns the further address numberings. The address number is given to 2 hex digits, and it is recommended that the address number be supplemented, e.g. 10, 1F, etc.

Input instruction code: The instruction codes to be programmed are entered in this column.

Mnemonic (Befehls-Kürzel): Noting the mnemonic, such as MOV, GOTO etc., is advisable so that, in case of troubleshooting, the program is clearer.

Jump-to: Here it can be indicated by a short label from where individual program jumps are made.

Explanations: Important lines of thought can be recorded in this column.

The bookmark (in the manual) is an important helper containing all necessary quick-reference information.

Have fun programming and experimenting.

Nr. 20904

Program List for Microtronic Computer System 2090

Program name:

Sheet no.:

Programmer:

Date:

Register allocation

Register-Nr.	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
Register contents

Jump target	Addr.	Input code	Mnemonic	Jump to	Explanations

BUSCH GmbH + Co. KG, Viernheim / W.-Germany — Order no. 20904